Cobertura vacunal, creencias y actitudes en niños y adolescentes trasplantados: una revisión sistemática de métodos mixtos

e202303025

Autores/as

  • María Teresa Herrero-Diez Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid. Valladolid. España. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7397-4226
  • Ferrán Catalá-López Departamento de Planificación y Economía de la Salud, Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Madrid. España. / Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA y CIBERSAM. Valencia. España. / Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. Ottawa. Canadá. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3833-9312

Palabras clave:

Trasplante, Vacunas, Programas de Inmunización, Niño, Adolescente, Revisión Sistemática

Resumen

FUNDAMENTOS // Las enfermedades infecciosas prevenibles mediante vacunación son una causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en niños trasplantados. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue sintetizar la evidencia disponible de la cobertura vacunal en niños y adolescentes candidatos o receptores de trasplante y analizar las creencias, actitudes y experiencias acerca de la vacunación.
MÉTODOS // Se realizó una revisión sistemática de métodos mixtos (registro Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/auqn3/). Se llevaron a cabo búsquedas en PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, IBECS y LILACS (desde enero de 2000 hasta agosto de 2021) y en literatura gris. Los estudios cuantitativos y cualitativos informaron sobre cobertura, creencias, actitudes y/o experiencias con respecto a cualquier vacuna recomendada en niños candidatos o receptores de trasplante de órganos sólidos y/o progenitores hematopoyéticos. Se evaluó la calidad metodológica mediante la herramienta MMAT (Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool). Se llevó a cabo una síntesis narrativa de los estudios.
RESULTADOS // Se incluyeron treinta y dos estudios disponibles en treinta y cinco publicaciones. Las intervenciones más estudiadas fueron las vacunas frente a sarampión (n=21; 66%) y hepatitis B (n=20; 62%). Las tasas de inmunización mostraron una alta variabilidad para las vacunas más representadas (concretamente, 2%-100% en sarampión, 0,4%-100% en hepatitis B, difteria-tétanos-tosferina y rubeola), con coberturas inferiores al 90% en al menos el 70% de los estudios. Los valores más bajos se registraron en situación postrasplante y trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos. Sólo se identificó un estudio cualitativo que incluyó información sobre creencias y/o actitudes, aunque nueve estudios cuantitativos exploraron aspectos cognitivos.
CONCLUSIONES // Esta revisión muestra una elevada variabilidad en la cobertura vacunal de niños candidatos o receptores de trasplante, con cifras generalmente inferiores a las recomendadas. Sería necesario desarrollar más estudios que contribuyan a identificar creencias y actitudes sobre inmunización en este contexto.

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Citas

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Publicado

30-03-2023

Cómo citar

1.
Herrero-Diez MT, Catalá-López F. Cobertura vacunal, creencias y actitudes en niños y adolescentes trasplantados: una revisión sistemática de métodos mixtos: e202303025. Rev Esp Salud Pública [Internet]. 30 de marzo de 2023 [citado 9 de mayo de 2024];97:26 páginas. Disponible en: https://ojs.sanidad.gob.es/index.php/resp/article/view/104