Postural control in adults. Influence of age and aerobic training
e202101025
Keywords:
Postural control, Postural balance, Primary prevention, Accidental falls, Aging, Exercise, Bicycling, Sedentary lifestyleAbstract
Background: The ability to control postural balance is essential to perform most of the activities of daily life, allowing you to maintain an active lifestyle, avoiding falls. However, aging-related changes in sensory systems, neural processing, information conduction, and musculoskeletal mechanics make postural control difficult in older adults. In the evaluation of posturo-graphic parameters, alterations are observed after physical exercise. The objective of this study focused on analyzing the possible influence of age on postural control in an adult population and comparing the differences in postural control due to the regular practice of aerobic physical activity.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 116 healthy adults, differentiating them between sedentary and sportsmen (cyclists and runners) and in two age groups (< and ≥ 65 years). Data were collected on the RMS amplitude (root-mean-square) in AP (antero-posterior) and ML (medio-lateral) and the RMS velocity obtained through a force platform in different support and vision conditions. SPSS 15.0 Software was used for the statistical treatment with a significance level of 5%. To compare the dependent variables between the different activity gropus, the t-test and the Mann-Witney were applied (p<0,05), while correlation análisys was applied to study the relationship of age in the postural parameters using p Pearson and Spearman test depending on the distribution of the data.
Results: The results reaffirmed the negative influence of physiological aging on postural control mechanisms in the sedentary group, as well as a positive influence of the practice of aerobic exercise regardless of age, with an improvement in balance. More than half of the posturagraphic parameters (PP) were altered in sedentary subjects compared to athletes, who did not show alterations (p<0,05). The RMS-Velocity (mm/s) or distribution of displacement in standing over time, is the parameter with the greatest alteration in all the conditions analyzed (p<0,01), among sedentary subjects regardless of age, not suffering variations among athletes. In relation to the type of sport, we observed better results in cyclists compared to the sedentary group, with less alterations in all PP (RMS-ROM in AP, ML and RMS-Velocity) mainly for single-leg support on a hard surface and with eyes open as well as closed.
Conclusions: We can conclude that the practice of regular aerial exercise is a beneficial activity to improve postural control, preserve the deterioration of balance and prevent falls.
Downloads
References
Assländer L, Peterka RJ. Sensory reweighting dynamics in human postural control. J Neurophysiol. 2014; 111(9):1852-64.
Chiba R, Takakusaki K, Ota J, Yozu A, Haga N. Human upright posture control models based on multisensory inputs; in fast and slow dynamics. Neurosci Res. 2016; 104:96-104.
Du Pasquier RA, Blanc Y, Sinnreich M, Landis T, Burkhard P Vingerhoets FJ. The effect of aging on postural stability: a cross sectional and longitudinal study. Neurophysiol Clin. 2003; 33(5):213-8.
Liaw MY, Chen CL, Pei YC, Leong CP, Lau YC. Comparison of the static and dynamic balance performance in young, middle-aged, and elderly healthy people. Chang Gung Med J. 2009; 32(3):297-304.
Era P, Sainio P, Koskinen S, Haavisto P, Vaara M, Aromaa A. Postural balance in random sample of 7979 subjects aged 30 years and over. Gerontology. 2006; 52(4):204-13.
Mergner T. Modeling sensorimotor control of human upright stance. Prog Brain Res. 2007; 165:283-97.
Kiemel T, Elahi AJ, Jeka JJ. Identification of the plant for upright stance in humans: multiple movement patterns from a single neural strategy. J Neurophysiol. 2008; 100(6):3394-406.
Tanaka T, Takeda H, Izumi T, Ino S, Ifukube T. Age-related changes in postural control associated with location of the center of gravity and foot pressure. Phys Occup Ther Geriatr. 1997; 15(2):1-14.
Maki BE, McIlroy WE. Postural control in the older adult. Clin Geriatr Med. 1996; 12(4):635-58.
Lesinski M, Hortobágyi T, Muehlbauer T, Gollhofer A, Granacher U. Effects of balance training on balance performance in healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015; 45(12):1721-38.
Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Fiatarone-Singh MA, Minson CT, Nigg CR, Salem GJ, Skinner JS. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009; 41(7):1510-30.
Sherrington C, Whitney JC, Lord SR, Herbert RD, Cumming RG, Close JC. Effective exercise for the prevention of falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008; 56(12):2234-43.
Sherrington C, Tiedemann A, Fairhall N, Close JC, Lord SR. Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated meta-analysis and best practice recommendations. N S W Public Health Bull. 2011; 22(3-4):78-83.
Low DC, Walsh GS, Arkesteijn M. Effectiveness of exercise interventions to improve postural control in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analyses of centre of pressure Measurements. Sports Med. 2017; 47(1):101-112.
Ni M, Mooney K, Richards L, Balachandran A, Sun M, Harriell K, Potiaumpai M, Signorile JF. Comparative impacts of Tai Chi, balance training, and a specially-designed yoga program on balance in older fallers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014; 95(9):1620-1628.
Vuillerme N, Danion F, Marin L, Boyadjian A, Prieur JM, Weise I, Nougier V. The effect of expertise in gymnastics on postural control. Neurosci Lett. 2001a; 303(2):83-6.
Lion A, Gauchard GC, Deviterne D, Perrin PP. Differentiated influence of off-road and on-road cycling practice on balance control and the related-neurosensory organization. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 200; 19(4):623-30.
Muyor JM, Zabala M. Road Cycling and Mountain Biking Produces Adaptations on the Spine and Hamstring Extensibility. Int J Sports Med [Internet]. 2015 Oct 28 [cited 2020 Oct 2];37(1):43–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26509372/
Howe TE, Rochester L, Jackson A, Banks PMH, Blair VA. Exercise for improving balance in older people [Internet]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 2007 [cited 2020 Oct 2]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17943831/
Degache F, Van Zaen J, Oehen L, Guex K, Trabucchi P, Millet G. Alterations in postural control during the world’s most challenging mountain ultra-marathon. PLoS One. 2014; 9(1):e84554.
Wrisley DM, Whitney SL. The effect of foot position on the modified clinical test of sensory interaction and balance. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004; 85(2):335-8.
Palmieri RM, Ingersoll CD, Stone MB, Krause BA. Center-of-pressure parameters used in the assessment of postural control. J Sport Rehabil. 2002; 11:51-66.
Ivanenko Y, Gurfinkel VS. Human postural control. Front Neurosci. 2018; 12:171.
Zemková E, Hamar D. Sport-specific assessment of the effectiveness of neuromuscular training in young athletes. Front Physiol. 2018; 9:264.
Funato T, Aoi S, Tomita N, Tsuchiya K. Smooth enlargement of human standing sway by instability due to weak reaction floor and noise. R. Soc. Open. Sci. 2016; 3(1):150570.
Varo Cenarruzabeitia JJ, Martínez Hernández JA, Martínez-González MA. Benefits of physical activity and harms of inactivity. Med Clin (Barc). 2003; 121(17):665-72.
Subirats Bayego E, Subirats Vila G, Soteras Martínez I. Prescripción de ejercicio físico: indicaciones, posología y efectos adversos. Med Clin (Barc). 2012; 138(1):18-24.
Abrahamová D, Hlavacka F. Age-related changes of human balance during quiet stance. Physiol Res. 2008; 57(6):957-64.
Raymakers JA, Samson MM, Verhaar HJ. The assessment of body sway and the choice of the stability parameter(s). Gait Posture. 2005; 21(1):48-58.
Carpenter MG, Murnaghan CD, Inglis JT. Shifting the balance: evidence of an exploratory role for postural sway. Neuroscience. 2010; 171(1):196-204.
Murnaghan CD, Horslen BC, Inglis JC, Carpenter MG. Exploratory behavior during stance persists with visual feedback. Neuroscience. 2011; 195:54-9.
Jeka JJ, Allison LK, Kiemel T. The dynamics of visual reweighting in healthy and fall-prone older adults. J Mot Behav. 2010; 42(4):197-208.
Bulsink VE, Kiewiet H, van de Belt D, Bonnema GM, Koopman B. Cycling strategies of young and older cyclists. Hum Mov Sci. 2016; 46:184-95.
Laughton CA, Slavin M, Katdare K, Nolan L, Bean JF, Kerrigan DC, Phillips E, Lipsitz LA, Collins JJ. Aging, muscle activity, and balance control: physiologic changes associated with balance impairment. Gait Posture. 2003; 18(2):101-8.
Lee PG, Jackson EA, Richardson CR. Exercise Prescriptions in Older Adults [Internet]. Vol. 95, American Family Physician. 2017 Apr [cited 2020 Oct 3]. Available from: www.aafp.org/afp
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Pilar Catalán Edo, Enrique Serrano Ostariz, Marina Sánchez Latorre, Adoración Villarroya Aparicio
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Usted es libre de:
Compartir — copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato.
La licenciante no puede revocar estas libertades en tanto usted siga los términos de la licencia.
Bajo los siguientes términos:
Atribución — Usted debe dar crédito de manera adecuada , brindar un enlace a la licencia, e indicar si se han realizado cambios. Puede hacerlo en cualquier forma razonable, pero no de forma tal que sugiera que usted o su uso tienen el apoyo de la licenciante.
NoComercial — Usted no puede hacer uso del material con propósitos comerciales.
SinDerivadas — Si remezcla, transforma o crea a partir del material, no podrá distribuir el material modificado.
No hay restricciones adicionales — No puede aplicar términos legales ni medidas tecnológicas que restrinjan legalmente a otras a hacer cualquier uso permitido por la licencia.
Avisos:
No tiene que cumplir con la licencia para elementos del material en el dominio público o cuando su uso esté permitido por una excepción o limitación aplicable.
No se dan garantías. La licencia podría no darle todos los permisos que necesita para el uso que tenga previsto. Por ejemplo, otros derechos como publicidad, privacidad, o derechos morales pueden limitar la forma en que utilice el material.
