Efecto de intervenciones basadas en ejercicio físico y dieta sobre la evolución de deterioro cognitivo leve a demencia en sujetos mayores de 45 años. Revisión sistemática
e202102032
Palabras clave:
Deterioro cognitivo leve, Enfermedad de Alzheimer, Función cognitiva, Envejecimiento cognitivo, Ejercicio físico aeróbico, Ejercicio físico anaeróbico, Dieta mediterráneaResumen
Fundamentos: La demencia es un problema de salud pública global. Actualmente, los fármacos han mostrado un beneficio limitado. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar y sintetizar los estudios que evalúen la efectividad de una intervención sobre el ejercicio físico y/o la dieta considerando la función cognitiva como medida de resultado, en sujetos mayores de 45 años con deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) y sin diagnóstico de enfermedad de Alzheimer.
Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, revisiones sistemáticas y meta-análisis publicados desde mayo de 2008 hasta mayo de 2019 en las bases de datos Medline y The Cochrane Library. Se identificaron un total de 169 publicaciones, de las cuales se revisaron 42 estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión propuestos.
Resultados: Se encontró que el ejercicio físico programado, realizado entre 3 y 5 días a la semana, de una intensidad moderada-alta y el consumo de alimentos de acuerdo a un patrón como la dieta mediterránea o la dieta DASH mejora la función cognitiva global en sujetos con DCL. Los resultados se potencian cuando los estudios combinan ambas intervenciones e incluyen ejercicios de estimulación cognitiva, permitiendo aumentar la funcionalidad de los sujetos.
Conclusiones: La intervención sobre factores modificables como el ejercicio físico y la dieta aporta una protección cognitiva en sujetos con DCL mejorando su calidad de vida, funcionalidad e independencia. La heterogeneidad de los estudios dificulta la extracción de recomendaciones concretas.
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