Impacto de la pandemia por la COVID-19 en el consumo de cannabis en jóvenes y población general: una revisión sistemática
e202312106
Palabras clave:
COVID-19, Coronavirus, Cannabis, Uso de la marihuana, Adulto joven, Adultos, Cuarentena, PrevalenciaResumen
FUNDAMENTOS // El primer confinamiento por la COVID-19 fue una situación muy restrictiva que pudo haber impactado sobre la prevalencia y los patrones de consumo de cannabis. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue evaluar la evidencia sobre el consumo y los motivos de consumo de cannabis en diferentes países durante el primer confinamiento en adultos jóvenes y población general.
MÉTODOS // Este estudio siguió las directrices PRISMA y el protocolo de revisión se registró en PROSPERO (registro CRD42022303181). Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y Embase en julio de 2023. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: estudios transversales o de cohortes; población con edad igual o mayor de 16 años; explorar el consumo durante el confinamiento; e idioma inglés o español.
RESULTADOS // Se analizaron treinta estudios, realizados en países europeos (n=17), norteamericanos (n=12) y resto del mundo (n=1). Se observó que la prevalencia global de consumo de cannabis no experimentó grandes cambios, pero los consumidores regulares tendieron a mantener (entre el 39,5% y el 96,8% de la muestra) o a incrementar el consumo (entre el 2,9% y el 51,6%). Las principales disminuciones se dieron en consumidores ocasionales. Algunos motivos para el aumento fueron aburrimiento, soledad, estrés, afrontamiento y síntomas depresivos. Además, los jóvenes fueron los mayores consumidores y ser más joven, vivir sin la familia, los problemas financieros y un bajo nivel de estudios se asociaron significativamente (p-valor menor de 0,05) con el aumento del consumo.
CONCLUSIONES // La mayor parte de consumidores regulares mantuvieron o aumentaron ligeramente su consumo, siendo los jóvenes los principales consumidores. Se encontraron motivos de consumo alarmantes como el afrontamiento y los síntomas depresivos. Es necesario que el consumo de cannabis se aborde con estrategias enfocadas en la población joven, considerando el consumo ocasional y regular, así como las motivaciones.
Descargas
Citas
Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-920.
Violant-Holz V, Gallego-Jiménez MG, González-González CS, Muñoz-Violant S, Rodríguez MJ, Sansano-Nadal O et al. Psychological Health and Physical Activity Levels during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(24):1-19.
Shanahan L, Steinhoff A, Bechtiger L, Murray AL, Nivette A, Hepp U et al. Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study. Psychol Med. 2022;52(5):824-833.
Elmer TID, Mepham K, Stadtfeld C. Students under lockdown: Comparisons of students’ social networks and mental health before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Switzerland. PLoS ONE. 2020; 15(7): e0236337.
Salisbury-Afshar EM, Rich JD, Adashi EY. Vulnerable Populations: Weathering the Pandemic Storm. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2020;58(6):892.
Rogers AH, Shepherd JM, Garey L, Zvolensky MJ. Psychological factors associated with substance use initiation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020;293:113407.
World Drug Report 2021 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.21.XI.8).
Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2020). Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed tables. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Disponible en: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/
Manthey J, Freeman TP, Kilian C, López-Pelayo H, Rehm J. Public health monitoring of cannabis use in Europe: prevalence of use, cannabis potency, and treatment rates. The Lancet regional health Europe. 2021;100227.
OEDA. Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones. EDADES 2022. Encuesta sobre alcohol y otras drogas en España. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad. Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas; 2022. 77 p. 2022.
Casajuana C, López H, Oliveras C, Colom J, Gual A, Balcells-Oliveró MM. The relationship between motivations for cannabis consumption and problematic use. Adicciones. 2021;33(1):31-42.
Glodosky NC, Cuttler C. Motives Matter: Cannabis use motives moderate the associations between stress and negative affect. Addictive Behaviors. 2020;102:106188.
Garrison E, Gilligan C, Ladd BO, Anderson KG. Social Anxiety, Cannabis Use Motives, and Social Context’s Impact on Willingness to Use Cannabis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9).
Egan KL, Cox MJ, Suerken CK, Reboussin BA, Song EY, Wagoner KG et al. More drugs, more problems? Simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana at parties among youth and young adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2019;202:69-75.
Gunn RL, Sokolovsky A, Stevens AK, Metrik J, White H, Jackson K. Ordering in alcohol and cannabis co-use: Impact on daily consumption and consequences. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;218.
Jayakumar N, Chaiton M, Goodwin R, Schwartz R, O’Connor S, Kaufman P. Co-use and Mixing Tobacco With Cannabis Among Ontario Adults. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2021;23(1):171.
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (UNODC). COVID-19 y la Cadena de Suministro de Drogas: de la Producción y el Tráfico al Consumo RESEÑA DE INVESTIGACIÓN. 2020. Disponible en: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/covid/Covid-19_Suministro_de_Drogas.pdf
Hall W, Leung J, Lynskey M. The Effects of Cannabis Use on the Development of Adolescents and Young Adults. Annu. Rev. Dev. Psychol. 2020;2(1):461-483.
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372.
Munn Z, Moola S, Lisy K, Riitano D, Tufanaru C. Chapter 5: Systematic Reviews of Prevalence and Incidence. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. 2020.
Moola S, Munn Z, Tufanaru C, Aromataris E, Sears K, Sfetc R et al. Chapter 7: Systematic Reviews of Etiology and Risk. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. 2020.
Busse H, Buck C, Stock C, Zeeb H, Pischke CR, Fialho PMM et al. Engagement in health risk behaviours before and during the covid-19 pandemic in german university students: Results of a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1-16.
Botella-Juan L, Amezcua-Prieto C, Morales-Suarez-Varela MM, Mateos-Campos R, Ayán-Pérez C, Molina AJ et al. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Evolution of Prevalence and Patterns of Cannabis Use among First-Year University Students in Spain-UniHcos Project. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19(18).
Lázaro-Pérez C, Martínez-López JÁ, Gómez-Galán J. Addictions in Spanish College Students in Confinement Times: Preventive and Social Perspective. Social Sciences. 2020;9(11):195
Tavolacci MP, Wouters E, Van de Velde S, Buffel V, Déchelotte P, Van Hal G et al. The impact of covid-19 lockdown on health behaviors among students of a french university. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18(8).
Tholen R, Ponnet K, Van Hal G, De Bruyn S, Buffel V, Van de Velde S et al. Substance Use among Belgian Higher Education Students before and during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health;19(7).
Villanueva-Blasco VJ, Villanueva-Silvestre V, Vázquez-Martínez A, Fernández VA, Folgar MI. Cannabis Use in Young and Adult University Students Before and During the COVID-19 Lockdown, According to Gender and Age. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022; 1-13
Amerio A, Stival C, Bosetti C, Carreras G, Fanucchi T, Gorini G et al. Cannabis use in repeated representative cross-sectional studies on Italian adults after the COVID-19 pandemic. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 164: 382-388.
Benschop A, van Bakkum F, Noijen J. Changing Patterns of Substance Use During the Coronavirus Pandemic: Self-Reported Use of Tobacco, Alcohol, Cannabis, and Other Drugs. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:633551
Fernández-Artamendi S, Ruiz MJ, López-Núñez C. Analyzing the Behavior of Cannabis Users during the COVID-19 Confinement in Spain. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:11324.
Manthey J, Kilian C, Carr S, Bartak M, Bloomfield K, Braddick F et al. Use of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and other substances during the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Europe: a survey on 36,000 European substance users. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy. 2021;16(1):20.
Mezaache S, Donadille C, Martin V, Le Brun Gadelius M, Appel L, Spire B et al. Changes in cannabis use and associated correlates during France’s first COVID-19 lockdown in daily cannabis users: results from a large community-based online survey. Harm Reduct J 2022;19(1).
Rantis K, Panagiotidis P, Parlapani E, Holeva V, Tsapakis EM, Diakogiannis I. Substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece. J Subst Use 2021; 27:3, 231-238,
Rolland B, Haesebaert F, Zante E, Benyamina A, Haesebaert J, Franck N. Global Changes and Factors of Increase in Caloric/Salty Food Intake, Screen Use, and Substance Use During the Early COVID-19 Containment Phase in the General Population in France: Survey Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020;6(3).
Vanderbruggen N, Matthys F, Laere S van, Zeeuws D, Santermans L, Van den Ameele S et al. Self-Reported Alcohol, Tobacco, and Cannabis Use during COVID-19 Lockdown Measures: Results from a Web-Based Survey. European Addiction Research. 2020;26(6):309-315.
Van Laar MW, Oomen PE, van Miltenburg CJA, Vercoulen E, Freeman TP, Hall WD. Cannabis and COVID-19: Reasons for Concern. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2020;0:1419.
Villanueva-Blasco VJ, Amado BG, Silvestre VV, Vázquez-Martínez A, Folgar MI. Cambios en el consumo de cannabis en consumidores españoles durante el confinamiento por la COVID-19 según sexo, edad, situación de convivencia y nivel de adicción. Adicciones 2023; 0(0).
Sznitman SR. Changes in Cannabis Use Risk Behaviors during the First and Second COVID-19 Lockdown in Israel: A Short-term 2-wave Longitudinal Study. J Addict Med 2022;16(6):639-644.
Clendennen SL, Case KR, Sumbe A, Mantey DS, Mason EJ, Harrell MB. Stress, Dependence, and COVID-19–related Changes in Past 30-day Marijuana, Electronic Cigarette, and Cigarette Use among Youth and Young Adults. Tobacco Use Insights. 2021;14:1179173X2110674.
Graupensperger S, Fleming CB, Jaffe AE, Rhew IC, Patrick ME, Lee CM. Changes in Young Adults’ Alcohol and Marijuana Use, Norms, and Motives From Before to During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2021;68(4):658-665.
Merrill JE, Stevens AK, Jackson KM, White HR. Changes in Cannabis Consumption Among College Students During COVID-19. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs vol. 83,1 (2022): 55-63.
Miech R, Patrick ME, Keyes K, O’Malley PM, Johnston L. Adolescent drug use before and during U.S. national COVID-19 social distancing policies. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021;226:108822.
Pocuca N, London-Nadeau K, Geoffroy MC, Chadi N, Séguin JR, Parent S et al. Changes in Emerging Adults’ Alcohol and Cannabis Use From Before to During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From a Prospective Birth Cohort. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2022;36(7):786-797.
Schepis TS, Nadai AS de, Bravo AJ, Looby A, Villarosa-Hurlocker MC, Earleywine M. Alcohol use, cannabis use, and psychopathology symptoms among college students before and after COVID-19. J Psychiatr Res, 2021;142:73-79.
Brenneke SG, Nordeck CD, Riehm KE, Schmid I, Tormohlen KN, Smail EJ et al. Trends in cannabis use among U.S. adults amid the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Drug Policy 2022;100.
Goodyear K, Moyo P, Avila JC, Ahluwalia JS, Monnig MA. Associations between alcohol and cannabis use before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results of a community survey. Addictive Behaviors Reports 2022;16.
Imtiaz S, Wells S, Rehm J, Hamilton HA, Nigatu YT, Wickens CM et al. Cannabis Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada: A Repeated Cross-sectional Study. J Addict Med. 2021;15(6):484-490.
Nguyen N, Keyhani S, Ling PM, Hoggatt KJ, Hasin D, Cohen BE. Self-reported Changes in Cannabis Use Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic among US Adults. J Psychoactive Drugs 2022;54(4):295-299.
Vedelago L, Wardell JD, Kempe T, Patel H, Amlung M, MacKillop J et al. Getting high to cope with COVID-19: Modelling the associations between cannabis demand, coping motives, and cannabis use and problems. Addictive behaviors 2022;124.
Zajacova A, Jehn A, Stackhouse M, Denice P, Ramos H. Changes in health behaviours during early COVID-19 and socio-demographic disparities: a cross-sectional analysis. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2020 111:6 [Internet] 2020;111(6):953-962.
Mielau J, Reiche S, Moon DU, Groß E, Gutwinski S, Betzler F et al. Cannabis use during the early COVID-19 pandemic: Use patterns, predictors, and subjective experiences. Front Psychiatry 2023;13.
Sznitman SR. Changes in Cannabis Use Risk Behaviors during the First and Second COVID-19 Lockdown in Israel: A Short-term 2-wave Longitudinal Study. J Addict Med 2022;16(6):639-644.
Phillips JG, Evans M, Hughes B, Ogeil RP. Patterns of Cannabis Consumption, Social Networks, and Foraging. Journal of Drug Issues 2020, 50(1), 63-76.
Black N, Stockings E, Campbell G, Tran LT, Zagic D, Hall WD et al. Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(12):995.
Pacheco-Colón I, Ramirez AR, Gonzalez R. Effects of Adolescent Cannabis Use on Motivation and Depression: A Systematic Review. Curr Addict Rep. 2019;6(4):532.
Gorfinkel LR, Stohl M, Hasin D. Association of Depression With Past-Month Cannabis Use Among US Adults Aged 20 to 59 Years, 2005 to 2016. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(8):e2013802.
Pacek LR, Weinberger AH, Zhu J, Goodwin RD. Rapid increase in the prevalence of cannabis use among people with depression in the United States, 2005–17: the role of differentially changing risk perceptions. Addiction. 2020;115(5):935-943.
Bonar EE, Chapman L, McAfee J, Goldstick JE, Bauermeister JA, Carter PM et al. Perceived impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on cannabis-using emerging adults. Translational Behavioral Medicine. 2021;11(7):1299.
Votaw VR, Witkiewitz K. Motives for Substance Use in Daily Life: A Systematic Review of Studies Using Ecological Momentary Assessment. Clin Psychol Sci. 2021;9(4):535.
Pellegrino AJ, Duck KD, Kriescher DPJ, Shrake ME, Phillips MM, Lalonde TL et al. Characterizing symptoms of cannabis use disorder in a sample of college students. J Drug Issues. 2020;50(4):524-537.
Benschop A, Liebregts N, Van der Pol P, Schaap R, Buisman R, Van Laar M et al. Reliability and validity of the Marijuana Motives Measure among young adult frequent cannabis users and associations with cannabis dependence. Addictive Behaviors 2015;40:91-95.
Van der Pol P, Liebregts N, De Graaf R, Korf DJ, Van den Brink W, Van Laar M. Predicting the transition from frequent cannabis use to cannabis dependence: a three-year prospective study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013;133(2):352-359.
Gali K, Winter SJ, Ahuja NJ, Frank E, Prochaska JJ. Changes in cannabis use, exposure, and health perceptions following legalization of adult recreational cannabis use in California: a prospective observational study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2021;16(1).
Hawley P, Gobbo M, Afghari N. The impact of legalization of access to recreational Cannabis on Canadian medical users with Cancer. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1).
Copeland J, Howard J. Cannabis Use Disorder. Clinical Handbook of Adolescent. Addiction. 2022;202-212.
Boot CRL, Rosiers JFM, Meijman FJ, Van Hal GFG. Consumption of tobacco, alcohol and recreational drugs in university students in Belgium and the Netherlands: The role of living situation. Int J Adolesc Med Health;22(4):527-534.
Suerken CK, Reboussin BA, Sutfin EL, Wagoner KG, Spangler J, Wolfson M. Prevalence of marijuana use at college entry and risk factors for initiation during freshman year. Addictive Behaviors 2014;39(1):302-307.
Allen HK, Caldeira KM, Bugbee BA, Vincent KB, O’Grady KE, Arria AM. Drug involvement during and after college: Estimates of opportunity and use given opportunity. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017;174:150-157.
Alves R, Precioso J, Becoña E. llicit Drug Use among College Students: The Importance of Knowledge about Drugs, Live at Home and Peer Influence. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2021;53(4):329-338.
Phillips KT, Phillips MM, Duck KD. Factors Associated With Marijuana use and Problems Among College Students in Colorado. Subst Use Misuse. 2018;53(3):477-483.
Alameda-Bailén JR, Salguero-Alcañiz P, Merchán-Clavellino A, Paíno-Quesada S. Age of onset of cannabis use and decision making under uncertainty. PeerJ. 2018;6(7).
Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones. Informe 2021. Alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en España. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad. Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas; 2021. 243 p.
Schulenberg JE, Patrick ME, Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG, Miech RA. (2021). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2020: Volume II, college students and adults ages 19-60. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, 508 pp.
Debenham J, Birrell L, Champion K, Lees B, Yücel M, Newton N. Neuropsychological and neurophysiological predictors and consequences of cannabis and illicit substance use during neurodevelopment: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021;5(8):589-604.
Dugas EN, Sylvestre MP, Ewusi-Boisvert E, Chaiton M, Montreuil A, O’Loughlin J. Early Risk Factors for Daily Cannabis Use in Young Adults. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 2019;64(5):329.76.
Schuster RM, Hareli M, Moser AD, Lowman K, Gilman J, Ulysse C et al. Cross-domain correlates of cannabis use disorder severity among young adults. Addictive behaviors. 2019;93:212-218.
Gutkind S, Fink DS, Shmulewitz D, Stohl M, Hasin D. Psychosocial and health problems associated with alcohol use disorder and cannabis use disorder in U.S. adults. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;229(Pt B):109137.
Jeffers AM, Glantz S, Byers A, Keyhani S. Sociodemographic Characteristics Associated With and Prevalence and Frequency of Cannabis Use Among Adults in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(11).
Millar SR, Mongan D, O’Dwyer C, Long J, Smyth BP, Perry IJ et al. Correlates of patterns of cannabis use, abuse and dependence: evidence from two national surveys in Ireland. Eur J Public Health. 2021;31(2):441-447.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Categorías
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 Lorena Botella-Juan, Nuria Fernández-Suárez, Alba Marcos-Delgado, Antonio José Molina-de la Torre, Tania Fernández-Villa
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Usted es libre de:
Compartir — copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato
La licenciante no puede revocar estas libertades en tanto usted siga los términos de la licencia
Bajo los siguientes términos:
Atribución — Usted debe dar crédito de manera adecuada , brindar un enlace a la licencia, e indicar si se han realizado cambios . Puede hacerlo en cualquier forma razonable, pero no de forma tal que sugiera que usted o su uso tienen el apoyo de la licenciante.
NoComercial — Usted no puede hacer uso del material con propósitos comerciales .
SinDerivadas — Si remezcla, transforma o crea a partir del material, no podrá distribuir el material modificado.
No hay restricciones adicionales — No puede aplicar términos legales ni medidas tecnológicas que restrinjan legalmente a otras a hacer cualquier uso permitido por la licencia.
Avisos:
No tiene que cumplir con la licencia para elementos del material en el dominio público o cuando su uso esté permitido por una excepción o limitación aplicable.
No se dan garantías. La licencia podría no darle todos los permisos que necesita para el uso que tenga previsto. Por ejemplo, otros derechos como publicidad, privacidad, o derechos morales pueden limitar la forma en que utilice el material.
