Estados secuelares de inicio tardío a la poliomelitis (síndrome postpoliomelítico)
e202602011
Palabras clave:
Poliomielitis, Síndrome postpoliomielítico, Secuelas neurológicas, Neurodegeneración, RehabilitaciónResumen
FUNDAMENTOS // La poliomielitis sigue siendo un desafío de Salud Pública en países con bajas coberturas vacunales y con brotes de poliovirus derivados de la vacuna. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión fue revisar la evidencia disponible sobre el síndrome postpoliomielítico (SPP), sus bases fisiopatológicas, manifestaciones clínicas, criterios diagnósticos y abordajes terapéuticos actuales.
MÉTODOS // Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica narrativa de artículos publicados en PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y documentos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, priorizando revisiones sistemáticas, estudios de cohortes y ensayos clínicos entre 1980 y 2024.
RESULTADOS // El SPP afecta a entre el 20%-50% de los supervivientes de polio. Se caracteriza por debilidad muscular progresiva, fatiga y dolor, tras décadas de estabilidad clínica. Su etiología es desconocida; las teorías incluyen degeneración de unidades motoras reinervadas, disfunción neuromuscular, persistencia viral y autoinmunidad. No existen terapias específicas; el manejo es sintomático y multidisciplinar.
CONCLUSIONES // El SPP constituye una entidad crónica de alta prevalencia en sobrevivientes de la poliomelitis. El tratamiento actual se centra en rehabilitación, cuidados respiratorios, manejo de la fatiga y apoyo psicológico. Se requieren más investigaciones para desarrollar terapias específicas.
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