Revisión del tabaquismo en el embarazo: prevalencia, perfil sociodemográfico, depresión perinatal, variables psicológicas implicadas y tratamiento
e202410055
Palabras clave:
Fumar, Embarazo, Prevalencia, Perfil sociodemográfico, Depresión perinatal, Estrés, Personalidad, Tratamiento, Salud mental perinatalResumen
FUNDAMENTOS // El tabaquismo es un problema de Salud Pública. La mitad de las mujeres fumadoras continúan haciéndolo en el embarazo, poniendo en riesgo su salud y la del feto. El objetivo de esta revisión fue sintetizar los principales estudios sobre
la prevalencia y el perfil sociodemográfico, psicológico y obstétrico de la mujer fumadora en el embarazo, la relación del estrés,
la personalidad y la depresión con el tabaquismo durante el embarazo y los tratamientos más eficaces.
MÉTODOS // Se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos MEDLINE y PsycInfo desde el año 2013 al 2023 sobre los aspectos más relevantes del tabaquismo en el embarazo, incluyéndose treinta estudios.
RESULTADOS // La prevalencia del tabaquismo en el embarazo se sitúa en un 15,7% en España. El perfil sociodemográfico de la mujer fumadora en el embarazo es de aquella con bajo nivel socioeconómico y educativo, generalmente sin pareja o con parejas fumadoras, y sin trabajo. Se encontró relación entre fumar en el embarazo y mayor probabilidad de padecer depresión perinatal. Un alto estrés autopercibido es posible que sea una variable predictora de continuar fumando en el embarazo. Algunos rasgos de personalidad como elevado neuroticismo parecen estar relacionados con el tabaquismo en el embarazo. La intervención para ayudar a dejar de fumar a las embarazadas debe adaptarse al perfil de la misma para que sea eficaz. Las intervenciones cognitivo-conductuales muestran su eficacia, especialmente a largo plazo.
CONCLUSIONES // Para diseñar programas de prevención e intervención eficaces que ayuden a las gestantes a dejar de fumar se debe tener en cuenta no solo el perfil sociodemográfico de las mismas, sino variables psicológicas como la personalidad y el estrés. Estos programas deben incluir intervenciones cognitivo-conductuales que enseñen estrategias adaptativas de gestión del estrés para maximizar su eficacia. Se debe poner especial énfasis en que estos programas lleguen a aquellas mujeres con perfil más desfavorecido.
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