Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in pregnant women in the Hospital of Sagunto area (Valencia): PrevitaD Study
e202508044
Keywords:
Vitamin D, Pregnancy, Dietary supplementsAbstract
BACKGROUND // The aim of this paper was to estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in our healthcare area to implement strategies aimed at reducing its frequency.
METHODS // A descriptive prospective study was conducted, including 701 pregnant women who were managed in the healthcare area of Sagunto. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in blood were determined during the first trimester of pregnancy, and women with suboptimal vitamin D levels were treated. Demographic characteristics of participating women were analyzed to identify factors associated with vitamin D deficiency. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed for all the variables.
RESULTS // Mean vitamin D levels in the overall population were 19.6 ng/ml. Of them, 52.5% had levels <20 ng/ml, requiring oral vitamin D supplementation, while 97% of women of African origin had suboptimal levels. Pregnant women with obesity or overweight and those aged <25 years old (62% and 71%, respectively) showed inadequate levels of vitamin D to a greater extent than women without overweight or ≥25 years old. Samples collected in winter and spring had lower levels of vitamin D compared to those from other seasons.
CONCLUSIONS // In our study, we observe high rates of vitamin D deficiency in the first trimester of pregnancy, with suboptimal levels in four out of ten women. Additionally, we identify different factors associated with vitamin D levels, which shows risk groups of deficiency.
Downloads
References
Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7): 1911-1930.
Durá-Travé T, Gallinas-Victoriano F. Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Vitamin D. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(15):11881.
National Institutes of Health. Consultado 24 feb 2024. Disponible en: https://ods.od.nih.gov/ factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/
Sociedad Española de Ginecología y Obstetricia. Control prenatal del embarazo normal. Progresos Obstet y Ginecol. 2011;54(6):330-349.
Xiaomang J, Yanling W. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy on high risk factors - A randomized controlled trial. J Perinat Med. 2021;49(4):480-484.
Mansur JL, Oliveri B, Giacoia E, Fusaro D, Costanzo PR. Vitamin D: Before, during and after Pregnancy: Effect on Neonates and Children. Nutrients. 2022;14(9):1900.
Xu C, Ma H hong, Wang Y. Maternal Early Pregnancy Plasma Concentration of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Calcif Tissue Int. 2018;102(3):280-286.
Das B, Singhal SR, Ghalaut VS. Evaluating the association between maternal vitamin D deficiency and preeclampsia among Indian gravidas. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2021;261:103-109.
Treiber M, Mujezinovic F, Pecovnik Balon B, Gorenjak M, Maver U, Dovnik A. Association between umbilical cord vitamin D levels and adverse neonatal outcomes. J Int Med Res. 2020;48(10):300060520955001.
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 495: Vitamin D: Screening and supplementation during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;118(1):197-198.
Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Vieth R. Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(7):713-716.
Guideline: Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnant Women. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. Background. Consultado: 24 feb 2024. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310616/
Larqué E, Morales E, Leis R, Blanco-Carnero JE. Maternal and Foetal Health Implications of Vitamin D Status during Pregnancy. Ann Nutr Metab. 2018;72(3):179-192.
Martínez-Torres J, Lizarazo MAB, Malpica PAC, Escobar-Velásquez KD, Suárez LSC, Moreno-Bayona JA et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency and associated factors in Colombian women in 2015. Nutr Hosp. 2022;39(4):843-851.
De la Calle M, García S, Duque M, Bartha JL. Concentraciones disminuidas de vitamina D en las gestantes de embarazos únicos y gemelares. Med Clin. 2016;147(8):371-372.
Islam MZ, Bhuiyan NH, Akhtaruzzaman M, Allardt CL, Fogelholm M. Vitamin D deficiency in Bangladesh: A review of prevalence, causes and recommendations for mitigation. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2022;31(2):167-180.
Wang X, Lu K, Shen J, Xu S, Wang Q, Gong Y et al. Correlation between meteorological factors and vitamin D status under different season. Sci Rep. 2023 23;13(1):4762.
Ravinder Ss, Padmavathi R, Maheshkumar K, Mohankumar M, Maruthy K, Sankar S et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among South Indian pregnant women. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2022;11(6):2884.
Sanguesa J, Marquez S, Bustamante M, Sunyer J, Iniguez C, Vioque J et al. Prenatal Vitamin D Levels Influence Growth and Body Composition until 11 Years in Boys. Nutrients. 2023;15(9):2023.
Dawson-Hughes B. Vitamin D deficiency in adults: Definition, clinical manifestations, and treatment. UpToDate. 2019;25:27.
Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Nutritional vitamin D status during pregnancy: Reasons for concern. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2006;174(9):1287-1290.
Gordon CM, DePeter KC, Feldman HA, Grace E, Emans SJ. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(6):531-537.
Meija L, Piskurjova A, Nikolajeva K, Aizbalte O, Rezgale R, Lejnieks A et al. Vitamin D Intake and Serum Levels in Pregnant and Postpartum Women. Nutrients. 2023;15(15):3493.
Hutchings N, Babalyan V, Heijboer AC, Baghdasaryan S, Qefoyan M, Ivanyan A et al. Vitamin D status in Armenian women: a stratified cross-sectional cluster analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022;76(2):220-226.
Yun C, Chen J, He Y, Mao D, Wang R, Zhang Y et al. Vitamin D deficiency prevalence and risk factors among pregnant Chinese women. Public Health Nutr. 2017;20(10):1746-1754.
Cheng H, Chi P, Zhuang Y, Alifu X, Zhou H, Qiu Y et al. Association of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D with Preterm Birth and Premature Rupture of Membranes: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Nutrients. 2023; 15(16):3593.
Ahn J, Yu K, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Claire Simon K, McCullough ML, Gallicchio L et al. Genome-wide association study of circulating vitamin D levels. Hum Mol Genet. 2010;19(13):2739-2745.
Vitamin D: supplement use in specific population groups | Guidance | NICE. NICE. Consultado: 24 feb 2024. Disponible en: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph56/chapter/What-is-this-guideline-about
Garner CD. Nutrition in pregnancy: Dietary requirements and supplements. Uptodate. 2022;1-42.
Laine C, Wee CC. Overweight and Obesity: Current Clinical Challenges. Ann Intern Med. 2023;176(5):699-700.
Liu CC, Huang JP. Potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation on pregnancy. J Formos Med Assoc. 2023;122(7):557-563.
Palacios C, De-Regil LM, Lombardo LK, Peña-Rosas JP. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Updated meta-analysis on maternal outcomes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016 164:148-155.
Palacios C, Kostiuk LK, Peña-Rosas JP. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;26;7(7):CD008873.
Bärebring L, Bullarbo M, Glantz A, Hulthén L, Ellis J, Jagner Å et al. Trajectory of vitamin D status during pregnancy in relation to neonatal birth size and fetal survival: A prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):1-7.
Mogire RM, Muriuki JM, Morovat A, Mentzer AJ, Webb EL, Kimita W et al. Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Association with Iron Deficiency in African Children. Nutrients. 2022;14(7):1372.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Roberto José Gironés Soriano, César Victoria Gomis, Gonzalo Llop Furquet, Victoria Simón García, Miriam Rubio Igual, Clara Garrido Navarro, Jorge Ballester Carbonell, David Fuster Molina, Andrea Martínez Massa, Sara Anika Smith Ballester, Antonio Marín Montes

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Usted es libre de:
Compartir — copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato.
La licenciante no puede revocar estas libertades en tanto usted siga los términos de la licencia.
Bajo los siguientes términos:
Atribución — Usted debe dar crédito de manera adecuada , brindar un enlace a la licencia, e indicar si se han realizado cambios. Puede hacerlo en cualquier forma razonable, pero no de forma tal que sugiera que usted o su uso tienen el apoyo de la licenciante.
NoComercial — Usted no puede hacer uso del material con propósitos comerciales.
SinDerivadas — Si remezcla, transforma o crea a partir del material, no podrá distribuir el material modificado.
No hay restricciones adicionales — No puede aplicar términos legales ni medidas tecnológicas que restrinjan legalmente a otras a hacer cualquier uso permitido por la licencia.
Avisos:
No tiene que cumplir con la licencia para elementos del material en el dominio público o cuando su uso esté permitido por una excepción o limitación aplicable.
No se dan garantías. La licencia podría no darle todos los permisos que necesita para el uso que tenga previsto. Por ejemplo, otros derechos como publicidad, privacidad, o derechos morales pueden limitar la forma en que utilice el material.








![¿Cómo evaluar para la RESP? [PARA REVISORES]](https://ojs.sanidad.gob.es/public/site/images/rmartinb/pastilla-revisores-0eaa113abcbc4fc554c7c6c7840ca4c6.jpg)
![¿Cómo recibir avisos sobre nuevos artículos de la RESP? [PARA LECTORES]](https://ojs.sanidad.gob.es/public/site/images/rmartinb/pastilla-lectores-aa689338e95aab07df45b4b0d583188f.jpg)

