Fluoride and heavy metals concentration in bottled waters: barrier measures against dental caries and fluorosis
e201912110
Keywords:
Dental caries, Fluoride, Bottled water, Dental fluorosis, Heavy metalsAbstract
Background: The daily consumption of fluoridated water is one of the most beneficial measures in dental caries prevention. The objective of this paper was to analyze the content of fluorine and heavy metals in the bottled natural mineral water available in stores in Spain.
Methods: A descriptive and transversal study was done throughout 2019. Analysing a total of 20 bottled waters marketed in Spain during this year. Mainly, fluoride concentration (ppm/ml) was analyzed with an ion-specific electrode (Orion model 96-09, Orion Research, Cambridge, MA) coupled to an ion analyzer (Orion EA-940). The heavy metals were analyzed by ICP-MS (Agilent model 7900). A descriptive statistical study of the data was carried out.
Results: The minimum value of fluorine found was 0.05 ppm and the maximum 0.95 ppm. 80% of the brands analyzed contain less than 0.6 ppm F. Only 1 brand exceeds 0.8 ppm F. Chromium and arsenic were the heavy metals present in all brands, without exceeding the maximum dose. No brand of bottled water indicated heavy metals on the label, and only 1 mark indicated the fluoride concentration on the label.
Conclusions: There is a great variability in the chemical composition of bottled waters marketed in Spain. Most have a fluoride concentration lower than that recommended to prevent tooth decay, which would require an extra supply of fluoride. In the bottled waters analyzed there are heavy metals but they did not exceed the maximum doses established by legislation.
Downloads
References
Frazao P, Peres MA, Cury JA. Drinking water quality and fluoride concentration. Rev Saude Pública 2011;45:964-73. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102011005000046.
Carey CM. Focus on Fluorides: Update on the Use of Fluoride for the Prevention of Dental Caries. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2014;14:95-102. http//doi.org/10.1016/j.jebdp.2014.02.004.
Kanduti D, Sterbenk P, Artnik B. Fluoride: a review of use and effects on health. Mater Sociomed 2016; 28:133-7. http//doi.org/ 10.5455/msm.2016.28.133-137.
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Fluoride Therapy Reference Manual, Recommendations: best practices 2018;40:18/19. https://www.aapd.org/globalassets/media/policies_guidelines/bp_fluoridetherapy.pdf (consultado 8/10/19).
Bergamo ET, Barbana M, Terada RS, Cury JA, Fujimaki M. Fluoride concentrations in the water of Maringá, Brazil, considering the benefit/risk balance of caries and fluorosis. Braz Oral Res 2015;29:47. http//doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2015.vol29.0047.
Clark MB, Slayton RL. Fluoride Use in Caries Prevention in the Primary Care Setting. Pediatrics 2014; 134:626-33.. http//doi.org/ 10.1542/peds.2014-1699.
Maraver F; Vitoria I, Almerich-Silla JM, Armijo F. Fluoruro en aguas minerales naturales envasadas en España y prevención de la caries dental. Aten Primaria 2015;47:15-24. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2014.04.003.
Bansal A, Ingle NA, Kaur N, Ingle E. Recent advancements in fluoride: A systematic review. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2015;5:341-6. http://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0762.165927.
Marín Camache MD, Pacheco Martínez F, Martínez Gambín R, Gómez Campoy E, Gutierrez Molina C. La fluoración de aguas en la Región de Murcia. Rev. Esp. Salud Pública 1998;72:91-101.
Chowdhury S, Mazumder MAJ, Al-Attas O, Husain T. Heavy metals in drinking water: Occurrences, implications, and future needs in developing countries. Sci Total Environ 2016; 1:476-488. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.166.
Margarita Palau Miguel. Calidad del agua de consumo humano en España, 2016. Informes, estudio e investigación. Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar social de España; 2018. Disponible en: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/docs/INFORME_AGUA_CONSUMO_2016_def._Revisado.pdf ; 2018 [consultada 23.05.2018 ].
Ibrahim HZ, Mohammed HA, Hafez AM. Physicochemical properties of some bottled water brands in Alexandria Governorate, Egypt. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2014;89:60-5. http://doi.org/10.1097/01.EPX.0000451919.21292.8a
Karamanis D, Stamoulis K, Ioannides KG. Natural radionuclides and heavy metals in bottled water in Greece. Desalination 2007;213:90-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.0000.00.000.
Jáudenes Marrero JR, Hardisson de la Torre A, Gutiérrez Fernández AJ, Rubio Armendáriz C, Revert Gironés C. Evaluación del riesgo tóxico por la presencia de fluoruro en aguas de bebida envasada consumidas en Canarias. Nutr Hosp 2015;32:2261-2268. http://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2015.32.5.9701.
Alimohammadi M, Nabizadeh R, Yaghmaeian K, Mahvi AH, Foroohar P, Hemmati S, Heidarinejad Z. Data on assessing fluoride risk in bottled waters in Iran. Data Brief. 2018;20:825-830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.08.160.
Abouleish MY. Evaluation of fluoride levels in bottled water and their contribution to health and teeth problems in the United Arab Emirates. Saudi Dent J 2016;28:194-202. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2016.08.002.
Rirattanapong P, Rirattanapong O. Fluoride content of commercially available bottled drinking water in Bangkok, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2016;47:1112-1126.
Somasundaram S, Ravi K, Rajapandian K, Gurunathan D. Fluoride Content of Bottled Drinking Water in Chennai, Tamilnadu. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9:ZC32-4. http://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/14691.6594
Fernández CE, Giacaman RA, Cury JA. Concentración de fluoruro en aguas embotelladas comercializadas en Chile: importancia en caries y fluorosis dental. Rev Med Chile 2014; 142: 623-629.
Almulla HI, King NM, Alnsour HM, Sajnani AK. Fluoride Content of Bottled Drinking Waters in Qatar. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016;174:471-476. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-016-0718-z.
Villena RS, Borges DG, Cury JA. Evaluation of fluoride content of bottled drinking waters in Brazil. Rev Saude Pública 1996;30:512-8.
Real Decreto 140/2003, de 7 de febrero, por el que se establecen los criterios sanitarios de la calidad del agua de consumo humano [sede Web]. Gobierno de España: Ministerio de la Presidencia, relaciones con las cortes e igualdad; Disponible en: https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2003-3596; 2003 [consultado 11.06.2019].
Real Decreto 1798/2010, de 30 de diciembre, por el que se regula la explotación y comercialización de aguas minerales naturales y aguas de manantial envasadas para consumo humano [sede Web]. Gobierno de España: Ministerio de la Presidencia, relaciones con las cortes e igualdad.. Disponible en: https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-971; 2011 [consultado 11.06.2019].
FAO.org. FAO/OMS. Programa conjunto FAO/OMS sobre normas alimentarias. Comisión del Codex Alimentarius [sede Web]. Roma: FAO/OMS; 1999. CX 5/40. Disponible en: https://www.fao.org/tempref/codex/Reports/Alinorm01/al01_20s.pdf; 1999 [consultado 12.06. 2019].
Sullivan MJ, Leavey S. Heavy metals in bottled natural spring water. J Environ Health 2011;73:8-13.
Annibaldi A, Illuminati S, Truzzi C, Scarponi G. Heavy Metals in Spring and Bottled Drinking Waters of Sibylline Mountains National Park (Central Italy). J Food Prot 2018;81:295-301. http://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-17-310.
Bakirdere S, Yaroglu T, Tirik N, Demiroz M, Fina AK, Maruldali O, Karaca A. Determination of As, Cd, and Pb in Tap Water and Bottled Water Samples by Using Optimized GFAAS System with Pd-Mg and Ni as Matrix Modifiers. Journal of Spectroscopy 2013; 2013:1-7.
Ab Razak NH, Praveena SM, Aris AZ, Hashim Z. Drinking water studies: a review on heavy metal, application of biomarker and health risk assessment (a special focus in Malaysia). J Epidemiol Glob Health 2015;5:297-310. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2015.04.003.
Khaniki GJ, Ghaderpoori M, Dehghani MH, Nazmara S. Analysis of toxic and trace metal contaminants in bottled water by using atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Environ Saf J 2011;10:78-83.
Omeje M, AdewoyinOlusegun O, Joel ES, OkolieSociis TA, AyoweOmorotemu E, Akinpelu A, Arijaje TE. Potencial Health Risks of Heavy Metal Contents in Bottled Water from Lagos State and Its Environs, Nigeria. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci 2018; 173:012021.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Sandra María Gallego Reyes, Yolanda Martínez Beneyto, Clara Serna-Muñoz, Amparo Pérez-Silva, Jaime Aparecido Cury, Antonio José Ortiz Ruiz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Usted es libre de:
Compartir — copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato.
La licenciante no puede revocar estas libertades en tanto usted siga los términos de la licencia.
Bajo los siguientes términos:
Atribución — Usted debe dar crédito de manera adecuada , brindar un enlace a la licencia, e indicar si se han realizado cambios. Puede hacerlo en cualquier forma razonable, pero no de forma tal que sugiera que usted o su uso tienen el apoyo de la licenciante.
NoComercial — Usted no puede hacer uso del material con propósitos comerciales.
SinDerivadas — Si remezcla, transforma o crea a partir del material, no podrá distribuir el material modificado.
No hay restricciones adicionales — No puede aplicar términos legales ni medidas tecnológicas que restrinjan legalmente a otras a hacer cualquier uso permitido por la licencia.
Avisos:
No tiene que cumplir con la licencia para elementos del material en el dominio público o cuando su uso esté permitido por una excepción o limitación aplicable.
No se dan garantías. La licencia podría no darle todos los permisos que necesita para el uso que tenga previsto. Por ejemplo, otros derechos como publicidad, privacidad, o derechos morales pueden limitar la forma en que utilice el material.
